GB/T 45858-2025 in English

VALID

Additive manufacturing—Specification for process of cold spray

Issued on:2025-08-01
Implemented on:2025-11-01
File Format:PDF
Delivery:Via email within 1~3 business days

Price(USD)： $210.00
$204.00

Standard No:	GB/T 45858-2025
Document status:	VALID
Title in English:	Additive manufacturing—Specification for process of cold spray
Title in Chinese:	增材制造冷喷涂工艺规范
Language:	English
File Format:	Electronic (PDF)
Delivery:	Via email within 1~3 business days
Issued on:	2025-08-01
Implemented on:	2025-11-01
Chinese Classification:	J39-Non-traditional processing technology
Professional Classification:	GB-National Standard
Related Keywords:	cold spray additive manufacturing process specificationgb/t cold spray process specification cold spray process additive manufacturing process cold spray process parameters
Related Topics:	Cold sprayer additive manufacturing

《GB/T 45858-2025增材制造冷喷涂工艺规范》由TC562（全国增材制造标准化技术委员会）归口，主管部门为中国机械工业联合会。

Introduction

Technical Interpretation of the Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing Process Specification

GB/T 45858-2025, "Cold Spray Process Specification for Additive Manufacturing," is China's first national standard specifically addressing cold spray additive manufacturing technology. Its release fills a gap in domestic standardization in this field. As a solid-state deposition additive manufacturing technology, cold spray offers unique process advantages and application value.

Standard Development Background and Technological Evolution

Cold spray technology originated in the 1980s. After over 40 years of development, it has evolved from laboratory research to industrial application. Compared to traditional thermal spray technology, both the substrate and deposited materials remain solid during the cold spray process, undergoing little or no metallurgical changes. This characteristic offers significant advantages in processing oxidation-sensitive, temperature-sensitive, and phase-change-sensitive materials.

With the increasing demand for high-quality coatings and 3D conformal manufacturing of complex curved surfaces in industries such as aerospace, automotive manufacturing, and mold and die manufacturing, cold spray technology has gained widespread application. However, the lack of unified process specifications and quality standards has restricted the further promotion of this technology. The formulation of GB/T 45858-2025 is precisely to standardize the cold spray additive manufacturing process and improve the stability and reliability of product quality.

Analysis of core term definitions

Chapter 3 of the standard clarifies the definitions of 7 key terms, which provide the basis for the standardization of cold spray processes:

Terms

Definition

Key Technical Points

Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing

A process in which compressed gas is used to accelerate powder to a high speed, impacting the substrate surface in a solid form, and depositing the powder layer by layer

Solid deposition, no phase change

Powder Feed Rate

Mass of powder delivered from the nozzle per unit time

Unit: g/min, key process parameters Overlap Rate: The ratio of the overlap width of two adjacent deposited layers to the width of a single deposited layer. This influences coating uniformity and density. Furnace Sample: A sample used for quality assessment, prepared using the same batch of powder, equipment, and process as the final product. An important basis for quality traceability. Article 4.1 of the standard clearly defines the qualification requirements for equipment operators. Operators must receive systematic training and pass assessment covering a full range of skills, including equipment operation, maintenance, calibration, software usage, and safety precautions. This requirement ensures standardized and safe process execution.

Equipment Technical Requirements

Article 4.2.2 of the standard sets out specific technical requirements for the equipment: the number of controllable axes of the motion control system should generally be no less than 3, and a 5-axis system is recommended to achieve conformal deposition on three-dimensional curved surfaces. This requirement reflects the advantages of cold spray technology in the manufacture of complex curved surfaces.

Equipment acceptance must comply with the manufacturer's standards or the standards agreed upon by the supply and demand parties, and a comprehensive maintenance plan must be established. The instruments and meters used in the process must be regularly verified and calibrated to ensure the accuracy of the process parameters.

Raw Material Quality Control

Powder Material Specifications

Article 4.3.1 of the standard sets out detailed requirements for powder materials: the powder supplier must provide a safety technical manual and a quality certificate. The quality certificate should include the powder brand, batch, and physical and chemical performance indicators. The chemical composition, particle size distribution, and fluidity of the powder must comply with the requirements of the technical documents.

In terms of storage, the powder should be stored in a dry, cool, and non-corrosive environment in a sealed, anti-static container. It should not be mixed with other chemicals or flammable items to prevent safety accidents such as fire and explosion.

Spray gas selection

The standard recommends the use of compressed air, nitrogen, helium or their mixed gases as spray gases. The purity of the elemental gas should not be less than 99.9%. For difficult-to-deposit materials or scenes with high quality requirements, helium is recommended because of its better acceleration performance.

Key technologies in the process

Surface pretreatment process

Surface pretreatment is a key link to ensure deposition quality, and includes steps such as preliminary treatment, cleaning, masking of non-deposition areas, surface roughening, and removal of oxide films. Article 5.5.4 of the standard stipulates that the area to be deposited should be in a uniform, rough state without metallic luster after treatment, and the substrate that has passed the treatment should be sprayed and deposited within the specified time.

Spray Deposition Parameter Control

Process parameter development requires consideration of the three-dimensional deposition model, equipment characteristics, powder type, and deposit performance requirements. Key parameters include scan rate, overlap ratio, gas type, spray pressure, gas heating temperature, powder feed rate, spray distance, and spray angle.

During the deposition process, instruments such as infrared thermometers should be used to monitor the temperature of the substrate and deposit to prevent overheating from adversely affecting material properties.

Quality Inspection and Handling of Rejected Products

Inspection Requirements

Chapter 6 of the standard specifies product inspection requirements, including visual inspection, dimensional inspection, metallographic examination, and interfacial bonding strength testing. Products deposited within the specified timeframe using the same batch of powder, the same equipment, and the same process are considered a batch. At least one metallographic specimen should be prepared for each batch as a furnace sample.

Defective Product Handling Process

After inspecting unqualified deposits, the unqualified portions may be fully or partially removed with the purchaser's consent, and re-prepared and spray-deposited. The standard recommends physical methods for deposit removal; chemical methods require the purchaser's consent.

Technical Document Delivery Requirements

Chapter 7 of the standard specifies the technical document delivery content, including supplier information, product name, material brand or composition, product qualification documents, implementation standard number, product quantity, production date, post-processing records, and product packaging, transportation, and storage requirements. These requirements ensure product traceability and clear quality accountability.

Implementation Recommendations and Application Outlook

Industry Application Recommendations

For the aviation and aerospace sectors, it is recommended to focus on optimizing cold spray process parameters for difficult-to-machine materials (such as titanium alloys and high-temperature alloys) and establishing a dedicated quality control system. The automotive manufacturing sector can focus on developing rapid repair technologies for large components, while the mold and die industry can explore the application of conformal manufacturing technologies for complex curved surfaces.

Technology Development Outlook

With the improvement of equipment precision and the development of new materials, cold spray additive manufacturing technology will achieve breakthroughs in the following areas: deposition of multifunctional composite materials, preparation of nanostructured coatings, and development of intelligent process control systems. The implementation of standards will provide standardized guidance for the development of these technologies.

Companies should establish a comprehensive cold spray process quality management system, including personnel training, equipment maintenance, raw material inspection, process parameter monitoring, and product quality testing, to ensure the quality stability and reliability of cold spray additive manufacturing products.

More samples: QC/T 942-2021 GB 50021-2001(2009) NB/T 47013.2-2015

Sample only — not a preview of GB/T 45858-2025

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