GB/T 45979-2025 in English

Standard Development Background and Technological Evolution

GB/T 45979-2025, "Technical Specification for Satellite Remote Sensing Dynamic Monitoring of Coal Mining Subsidence Areas," is my country's first national standard specifically formulated for satellite remote sensing monitoring of surface subsidence caused by coal mining. This standard fills a gap in technical standards for remote sensing monitoring of coal mining subsidence areas in my country, providing unified technical specifications for mining geological hazard monitoring and ecological restoration assessment.

With the continuous expansion of coal resource mining in my country, the area of coal mining subsidence areas continues to increase. Traditional ground-based monitoring methods suffer from high costs, low efficiency, and limited coverage. The development of satellite remote sensing technology, particularly synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), has provided new technical means for large-scale, high-precision monitoring of surface deformation. Against this technical backdrop, this standard integrates the latest domestic and international remote sensing monitoring technologies to form a systematic technical specification system.

Interpretation of core technology content

Monitoring methods and technical requirements

The standard specifies five mainstream InSAR monitoring methods and their applicable conditions:

Monitoring methods	Applicable scenarios	Data requirements	Accuracy indicators
D-InSAR	Situations with short time intervals and close weather seasons	SAR data volume ≤ 4 periods	Millimeter-level monitoring accuracy
SBAS-InSAR	Situations with high vegetation coverage and large data volume	≥15 periods of data, time baseline ≤ 60 days	Sub-centimeter-level accuracy
PS-InSAR	Situations with densely built-up areas and low vegetation coverage	≥25 periods of data	Millimeter-level accuracy Time-series monitoring: Offset-Tracking (Offset-Tracking) for areas with large meter-level deformation and severe decoherence; SAR data with resolution better than 3m; Decimeter-level monitoring capabilities; Stacking-InSAR (Stacking-InSAR) for areas with significant subsidence and limited data volume; No minimum data volume requirement; Increased with increasing data volume; Data Processing Technical Specifications. The appendix to this standard details the technical processes for Offset-Tracking and Stacking-InSAR data processing. Offset-Tracking technology calculates the cross-correlation function between two SAR images to obtain surface deformation information, making it particularly suitable for monitoring areas with large deformation. Data processing includes four key steps: image registration, cross-correlation calculation, estimation of orbit-atmosphere-topography offset, and calculation of surface deformation offset. Stacking-InSAR technology effectively suppresses atmospheric phase influences and improves deformation monitoring accuracy by performing phase-weighted stacking of multi-period differential interferograms. Weight calculation utilizes the squared time interval weighting method to ensure that interferograms with long baselines receive greater weight. The standard specifies the complete monitoring process, from data preparation and processing to output generation: 1. Data Preparation: Select appropriate SAR image bands based on the surface cover characteristics of the monitoring area (L-band is suitable for vegetated areas, X-band is suitable for built-up areas, and C-band is a general choice). 2. Data Processing: Use appropriate InSAR methods to extract line-of-sight deformation, which is then converted to the vertical direction through radar incident angle projection. 3. Results Extraction Phase: 10mm settlement threshold is used to delineate the subsidence area. Threshold segmentation is used to extract the subsidence area, and the settlement area and rate are calculated. Quality Assurance System: The standard establishes a comprehensive quality control system, including: Authenticity Verification: Authenticity verification is conducted on the results of surface subsidence monitoring, land use monitoring, and vegetation coverage monitoring to ensure the reliability of the monitoring results. Quality Inspection: Multi-level quality inspections are conducted on the monitoring results, including data integrity checks, accuracy verification, and patch classification correctness checks. Problem Handling Mechanism: Results that do not meet quality requirements are required to be analyzed and reprocessed until they meet the technical requirements. Implementation Recommendations and Application Cases: Technical Implementation Recommendations: Based on the standard requirements, the following implementation recommendations are proposed: 1. Data Selection Strategy: Select appropriate data sources based on the characteristics of the monitoring area. L-band ALOS data is preferred for vegetated areas, while X-band TerraSAR-X data can be used for urban areas. 2. Monitoring Plan Design: Based on the coal mining plan and expected subsidence, the monitoring frequency should be reasonably determined, generally no less than once per year. 3. Multi-Technology Integration: For large-deformation subsidence basins, Offset-Tracking can be used to monitor the central area, combined with InSAR technology to monitor minor deformation at the edges. Typical Application Case: For monitoring a subsidence area at a coal mine, 30 frames of Sentinel-1 data were processed using SBAS-InSAR technology from 2018 to 2023. Monitoring results show that the maximum cumulative subsidence in the area reached 1.2 meters, with an average annual subsidence rate of approximately 200 mm/year. Time series analysis reveals that the subsidence rate significantly increased during the active mining period and gradually slowed after mining ceased. The monitoring results provide an important basis for mine safety and subsidence area management. Significance of Standard Implementation and Future Development Prospects The implementation of GB/T 45979-2025 will have a profound impact on coal mine safety and ecological and environmental protection in my country: First, the promotion and application of standardized monitoring technology will significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of coal mining subsidence area monitoring, providing reliable technical support for mine geological disaster early warning. Second, unified monitoring standards will facilitate comparative analysis of monitoring data from different mining areas, providing a data foundation for nationwide coal mine subsidence assessments. Finally, with the continuous development of remote sensing technology, it will be possible to further integrate multi-source remote sensing data (optical, radar, lidar, etc.) to establish a comprehensive monitoring system that integrates space and ground, realizing intelligent monitoring and early warning of coal mining subsidence areas. The technical content of this standard fully reflects my country's latest achievements in remote sensing monitoring, providing strong technical support for the scientific management and ecological restoration of coal mining subsidence areas. More samples: GB 18306-2015 YD/T 3934-2021 JC/T 2453-2018 Sample only — not a preview of GB/T 45979-2025 Previous Page: 1 / 0 Next Zoom Out 100% Zoom In Search Loading PDF document... Error loading PDF. Please make sure the file is valid and try again. Terms of Service Privacy Cancellation & Refund Policy My Account About Us Contact Us All Rights Reserved © 2026 WWW.CHINASTANDARDS.NET