metal oxide layer
metal oxide layer, Total:180 items.
The international standard classification for "metal oxide layer" includes: Surface treatment , Cadmium, cobalt and their alloys , Other electrical accessories , Connecting devices , Metallic coatings , Non-ferrous metals , Advanced ceramics , Coatings and related processes used in aerospace industry .
The Chinese standard classification for "metal oxide layer" includes: Material Protection , Rare metals and their alloys analysis method , Electrician alloy parts , Special ceramics .
Professional Standard - Military and Civilian Products
- WJ 461-1995 Metal coating. Specifications for ferrous metal oxidizing coatings of optical instrument
- WJ 464-1995 Metal coating. Specifications for ferrous metal phosphate coating coatings of optical instrument
Taiwan Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- CNS 12114-1987 Measurement of Metal and Oxide Coating Thickness by Microscopic Examination of A Cross Section
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
- GB/T 12690.2-1990 Lanthanum oxide--Determination of neodymium oxide, cerium oxide, praseodymium oxide, samarium oxide and yttrium oxide contents-Emission spectrographic method
- GB/T 12690.3-1990 Cerium and cerium oxide--Determination of lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide and yttrium oxide contents--Emission spectrographic method
- GB/T 12690.4-1990 Cerium oxide--Determination of lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide and yttrium oxide contents--Spectrochemical method
- GB/T 16480.1-1996 Method for chemical analysis of yttrium and yttrium oxide--Determination of lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, gadolinium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, holmium oxide, e
- GB/T 12690.9-1990 Neodymium oxide--Determination of lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, praseodymium oxide, samarium oxide and yttrium oxide contents--Spectrochemical method
- GB/T 12690.8-1990 Neodymium and neodymium oxide--Determination of lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, praseodymium oxide, samarium oxide and yttrium oxide contents--Emission spectrographic method
- GB/T 12690.7-1990 Neodymium and neodymium oxide--Determination of lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, praseodymium oxide, samarium oxide, yttrium oxide contents--X-ray fluorescence spectrometric method
- GB/T 43102-2023 Metallic coatings—Porosity tests—Porosity in gold or palladium coatings by sulfurous acid/sulfur dioxide vapour
- GB/T 16480.5-1996 Method for chemical analysis of yttrium and yttium oxide--Determination of nitrogen content
- GB 13397-1992 Technical specification for silver-metaloxide electrical contacts by alloy internal oxidation method
- GB/T 13397-2008 Technical specification for silver-metaloxide electrical contacts by alloy internal oxidation method
- GB/T 12690.6-1990 Praseodymium oxide--Determination of lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide and yttrium oxide contents--Emission spectrographic method
- GB/T 15917.1-1995 Dysprosium and dysprosium oxide--Determination of gadolinium oxide, terbium oxide, holmium oxide, erbium oxide and yttrium oxide contents--Emission spectrographic method
- GB 5270-1985 Metal coatings on metal substrates (electrodeposited and chemically deposited)
- GB/T 6462-2005 Metallic and oxide coatings-Measurement of coating inckness-Microscopical method
- GB/T 6462-1986 Metallic and oxide coatings--Measurement of coating thickness--Microscopical method
- GB/T 12690.10-1990 Gadolinium oxide--Determination of samarium oxide, europium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide and yttrium oxide contents--Emission spectrographic method
Professional Standard - Machinery
- JB/T 9670-1999 Zinc oxide for the varistor of metal oxide surge arresters
- JB/T 9670-2014 Zinc Oxide for the Varistor of Metal Oxide Surge Arresters
Professional Standard - Traffic
- JT/T 1149-2017 Layered double hydroxides anti ultraviolet aging agent used for pavement asphalt
Professional Standard - Chemical Industry
- HG/T 4749-2014 Metal oxide mixed-phase pigments
Professional Standard - Light Industry
- QB/T 3830-1999 Corrosion-resistant testing method of the metal deposits and conversion coatings for the light industrial products--Sulphur dioxide test
- QB/T 3816-1999 Thickness testing method of the metal deposits for the light industrial products--Timekeeping of liquid flow method
Professional Standard - Building Materials
- JC/T 2142-2012 Magnesium oxide ceramic for metallurgy
国家市场监督管理总局、中国国家标准化管理委员会
- GB/T 11376-2020 Metallic and other inorganic coatings—Phosphate conversion coating of metals
Professional Standard - Aerospace
- QJ 468-1985 Technical Specifications for Chemical Oxide Film Layer of Magnesium Alloy
- QJ/Z 134-1985 Production Instruction for Chemical Oxide Film of Magnesium Alloy
Military Standard of the People's Republic of China-General Armament Department
- GJB 3794-1999 Specification for silver-based metal oxide alloys for electrical contact
U.S. Military Regulations and Norms
- ARMY MIL-DTL-13924 D-1999 COATING, OXIDE, BLACK, FOR FERROUS METALS
- ARMY MIL-DTL-13924 D VALID NOTICE 1-2003 COATING, OXIDE, BLACK, FOR FERROUS METALS
- ARMY MIL-HDBK-205 A-1985 PHOSPHATE AND BLACK OXIDE COATING OF FERROUS METALS
RO-ASRO
- STAS 7043/2-1990 Non metallic coatings. Coatings by anodic oxi-dation of aluminium and aluminium alloys. Methods for oxide layer thickness determination
- STAS 7043/5-1986 Non-metallic coatings (inorganic) ANOIDIZING OF ALUMINIl'M AXD AIA'MI NUM ALLOYS Checking methods of oxide coating compactization
- STAS SR EN ISO 1463:1996 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness -Microscopical method
- STAS 7043/1-1986 Non metallic coatings (inorganic) COATINGS BY ANODIG OXIDATON OF ALLUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS Technical requlrements for quality
- STAS 7043/4-1975 Non-metallic (non-organic ) coatings COATINGS BY ANODIZATION OF ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS Determination of breakdown potential of the insulating layer
- STAS 7043/7-1987 NONMETALLIC COATINGS (INORGANIC) COATINGS BY ANODIZ?NG OF ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS Assessment of resistance of anodic oxide coatings to cracking by deformation
- STAS 10543-1986 Metallic coatings TIN ELECTROCHEMICAL COATINGS TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY
- SR 7043/1-1993 Non-metallic (anorganic) coatings. Anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys. Tehnical requirements for quality
SCC
- MIL MIL-DTL-13924E-2018 COATING, OXIDE, BLACK, FOR FERROUS METALS
- CAN/CGSB-31.114-M91-1991 Black Oxide Conversion Coatings for Ferrous Metals
- BS EN ISO 1463:2004 Metallic and oxide coatings. Measurement of coating thickness. Microscopical method
- BS EN ISO 1463:1995 Metallic and oxide coatings. Measurement of coating thickness. Microscopical method
- DANSK DS/ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings – Measurement of coating thickness – Microscopical method
- MIL MIL-DTL-13924D-1999 COATING, OXIDE, BLACK, FOR FERROUS METALS (SUPERSEDING MIL-C-13924C)
- NS-EN ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2021)
- AENOR UNE-EN ISO 1463:2005 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2003)
- DANSK DS/EN ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings – Measurement of coating thickness – Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2021)
- CAN/CGSB 31.114-M91-1991 Black Oxide Conversion Coatings for Ferrous Metals
- NS-EN ISO 1463:2004 Metallic and oxide coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2003)
- NS-EN ISO 1463:1994 Metallic and oxide coatings — Measurement of coatings thickness — Microscopical method (ISO 1463:1982)
- BS 5411-5:1976 Methods of test for metallic and related coatings. Measurement of local thickness of metal and oxide coattings by the microscopical of cross sections
- BS PD ISO/TS 5094:2023 Nanotechnologies. Assessment of peroxidase-like activity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
- DANSK DS/ISO/TS 5094:2023 Nanotechnologies – Assessment of peroxidase-like activity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
- AENOR UNE-EN ISO 9717:2018 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coating of metals (ISO 9717:2017)
- NS-EN ISO 9717:2017 Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Phosphate conversion coating of metals (ISO 9717:2017)
- DANSK DS/EN ISO 9717:2017 Metallic and other inorganic coatings – Phosphate conversion coating of metals (ISO 9717:2017)
- NS-EN ISO 9717:2013 Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Phosphate conversion coating of metals (ISO 9717:2010)
- 09/30196113 DC BS ISO 9717. Metallic and other inorganic coatings. Phosphate conversion coating of metals
- DANSK DS/EN ISO 15721:2001 Metallic coatings - Porosity tests - Porosity in gold or palladium coatings by sulfurous acid/sulfur dioxide vapour
- MIL MIL-DTL-32459-2013 Coatings, Anodic for Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
- DANSK DS/EN ISO 6988:1995 Metallic and other non organic coatings - Sulfur dioxide test with general condensation of moisture
- NS 1181:1979 Metal and oxide coating — Measurement of thickness by microscopical examination of cross-sections
South African Bureau of Standard
- SANS 144:2008 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method
- SANS 144:1982 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method
Association Francaise de Normalisation
- NF EN ISO 1463:2021 Metallic coatings and oxide layers - Measurement of coating thickness - Micrographic section method
- NF A91-110:1995 Metallic and oxide coatings. Measurement of coating thickness. Microscopical method.
- NF A91-110*NF EN ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method
- NF A91-110:2004 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method.
- NF A91-501:2013 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coating of metals
- NF A91-150*NF EN ISO 15721:2001 Metallic coatings - Porosity tests - Porosity in gold or palladium coatings by sulfurous acid/sulfur dioxide vapour.
- NF EN ISO 9717:2017 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coatings on metals
- NF EN ISO 15721:2001 Metallic coatings - Porosity testing - Porosity of gold or palladium coatings by sulfurous acid/sulfur dioxide vapor test
CZ-CSN
- CSN ISO 1463:1993 Metallic and oxide coatings. Measurement of coating thickness. Microscopical method
SE-SIS
- SIS SS-ISO 1463:1983 Meta I lic and oxide coatings - Measure- ment of coating thickness - Microscopi- cal method
- MNC 60-1981 Ferroalloys, meta/s and oxides - Alloying materials
- MNC 60 E-1981 Ferroalloys, metals and oxides - Al I oy ing materials - Summary
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
- ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — Microscopical method
- ISO 1463:1982 Metallic and oxide coatings; Measurement of coating thickness; Microscopical method
- ISO 1463:1973 Title missing - Legacy paper document
- ISO 1463:2003 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method
- ISO 9717:2017 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coating of metals
- ISO 9717:2010 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coating of metals
- ISO/FDIS 9717:2024 Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Phosphate conversion coating of metals
- ISO/TS 5094:2023 Nanotechnologies — Assessment of peroxidase-like activity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
Danish Standards Foundation
- DS/EN ISO 1463:2004 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method
- DS/ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings – Measurement of coating thickness – Microscopical method
- DS/ISO 1463:1983 Metallic and oxide coatings. Measurement of coating thickness. Microscopical method
- DS/EN ISO 1463:1994 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method
- DS/EN ISO 4518:1995 Metallic coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Profiliometric method
- DS/EN ISO 8403:1995 Metallic coatings - Coatings anodic to the substrate - Rating oftest specimens subjected to corrosion tests
- DS/EN ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings – Measurement of coating thickness – Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2021)
- DS/EN ISO 15721:2001 Metallic coatings - Porosity tests - Porosity in gold or palladium coatings by sulfurous acid/sulfur dioxide vapour
German Institute for Standardization
- DIN EN ISO 1463:2021-08 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2021); German version EN ISO 1463:2021
- DIN EN ISO 1463:2004 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2003); German version EN ISO 1463:2004
- DIN EN ISO 1463 E:2020-06 Microscopic method for measuring coating thickness of metallic and oxide coatings (draft)
- DIN EN ISO 9717:2018-02 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coating of metals (ISO 9717:2017); German version EN ISO 9717:2017
- DIN EN ISO 6988:1997 Metallic and other non-organic coatings - Sulfur dioxide test with general condensation of moisture (ISO 6988:1985); German version EN ISO 6988:1994
- DIN EN ISO 9717 E:2012-10 Metallic and Other Inorganic Coatings Metal Phosphate Conversion Coatings (Draft)
- DIN EN ISO 9717 E:2016-05 Metallic and Other Inorganic Coatings Metal Phosphate Conversion Coatings (Draft)
- DIN 50938:2016 Black oxide coatings on ferrous metal components - Requirements and test methods
- DIN 50938:2018 Black oxide coatings on ferrous metal components - Requirements and test methods
- DIN EN ISO 15721:2001 Metallic coatings - Porosity tests - Porosity in gold or palladium coatings by sulfurous acid/sulfur dioxide vapour (ISO 15721:2001); German version EN ISO 15721:2001
- DIN EN ISO 15721:2001-08 Metallic coatings - Porosity tests - Porosity in gold or palladium coatings by sulfurous acid/sulfur dioxide vapour (ISO 15721:2001); German version EN ISO 15721:2001
- DIN 50938 E:2016-03 Black oxide coatings on ferrous metal components - Requirements and test methods
- DIN 50938 E:2017-06 Black oxide coatings on ferrous metal components - Requirements and test methods
- DIN 50938:2018-01 Black oxide coatings on ferrous metal components - Requirements and test methods
- DIN EN ISO 9717:2023-05 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coating of metals (ISO/DIS 9717:2023); German and English version prEN ISO 9717:2023 / Note: Date of issue 2023-04-21*Intended as replacement for DIN EN ISO 9717 (2018-02).
Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (KATS)
- KS D 8519-2015 Metallic and oxide coating-Measurement of coating thickness-Microscopical method
- KS D 8519-2009 Metallic and oxide coating-Measurement of coating thickness-Microscopical method
- KS D 8519-2009(2015) Metallic and oxide coating-Measurement of coating thickness-Microscopical method
- KS D ISO 9717:2013 Phosphate conversion coatings for metals-Method of specifying requirements
- KS D ISO 9717:2009 Phosphate conversion coatings for metals-Method of specifying requirements
- KS M ISO 2927:2013 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium-Sampling of chemical products
- KS M ISO 2927:2003 Aluminium oxide primarily used for the production of aluminium-Sampling of chemical products
- KS D 8540-2013(2018) Autocatalytic nickel-boron coatings on metals
- KS D ISO 10074-2013 Anodizing of aluminium and its alloys-Specification for hard anodic oxidation coatings on aluminium and its alloys
- KS D 8301-2021 Anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys
European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
- EN ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2021)
- EN ISO 1463:1994 Metallic and Oxide Coatings - Measurement of Coating Thickness - Microscopical Method (ISO 1463 : 1982)
- EN ISO 1463:2004 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2003)
- prEN ISO 9717 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coating of metals (ISO/DIS 9717:2023)
British Standards Institution (BSI)
- BS EN ISO 1463:2005 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method
- BS EN ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings. Measurement of coating thickness. Microscopical method
- 20/30395419 DC BS EN ISO 1463. Metallic and oxide coatings. Measurement of coating thickness. Microscopical method
- BS EN ISO 6988:1986 Metallic and other non-organic coatings - Sulfur dioxide test with general condensation of moisture
- PD ISO/TS 5094:2023 Nanotechnologies. Assessment of peroxidase-like activity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
- BS EN ISO 15721:2001 Metallic coatings - Porosity tests - Porosity in gold or palladium coatings by sulfurous acid/sulfur dioxide vapour
- BS EN ISO 6988:1995(2000) Metallic and other non - organic coatings — Sulfur dioxide test with general condensation of moisture
- BS EN ISO 9717:2024 Metallic and other inorganic coatings. Phosphate conversion coating of metals
- BS 2569-2:1965 Specification for sprayed metal coatings - Protection of iron and steel against corrosion and oxidation at elevated temperatures
- BS EN 13523-23:2015 Coil coated metals. Test methods. Resistance to humid atmospheres containing sulfur dioxide
Spanish Association for Standardization (UNE)
- UNE-EN ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2021)
- UNE-EN ISO 1463:2005 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2003)
- ISO/DIS 9717:2023 Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Phosphate conversion coating of metals
- UNE-EN ISO 9717:2018 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coating of metals (ISO 9717:2017)
- UNE-EN ISO 15721:2002 Metallic coatings - Porosity tests - Porosity in gold or palladium coatings by sulfurous acid/sulfur dioxide vapour. (ISO 15721:2001)
- UNE-EN ISO 9717:2013 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coating of metals (ISO 9717:2010)
GSO
- GSO ISO 1463:2013 Metallic and oxide coatings -- Measurement of coating thickness -- Microscopical method
- GSO ISO 7599:2015 Anodizing of aluminium and its alloys -- General specifications for anodic oxidation coatings on aluminium
- OS GSO ISO 15721:2013 Metallic coatings -- Porosity tests -- Porosity in gold or palladium coatings by sulfurous acid/sulfur dioxide vapour
- GSO ISO/TS 25138:2013 Surface chemical analysis -- Analysis of metal oxide films by glow-discharge optical-emission spectrometry
- BH GSO ISO 7599:2016 Anodizing of aluminium and its alloys -- General specifications for anodic oxidation coatings on aluminium
- OS GSO ISO 7599:2015 Anodizing of aluminium and its alloys -- General specifications for anodic oxidation coatings on aluminium
- GSO ISO 3211:2015 Anodizing of aluminium and its alloys -- Assessment of resistance of anodic oxidation coatings to cracking by deformation
- OS GSO ISO 10074:2014 Anodizing of aluminium and its alloys -- Specification for hard anodic oxidation coatings on aluminium and its alloys
YU-JUS
- JUS C.A6.031-1990 Metal11c and oxid coatlngs. tteasurement of coatlng thickness. Hicroscopical method
Indonesia Standards
- SNI 07-1057-1989 Silicon metals
Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC)
- JIS H 8452:2008 Testing method for thermal cycle resistance of oxidation resistant metallic coatings
- JIS H 8601:1992 Anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys
- JIS H 8601:1999 Anodic oxide coatings on aluminium and aluminium alloys
PL-PKN
- PN-EN ISO 1463-2021-10 E Metallic and oxide coatings -- Measurement of coating thickness -- Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2021)
US-FCR
- FCR UFGS-07 16 19-2007 METALLIC OXIDE WATERPROOFING
- FCR FED GSA/PBS 07140-1980 METALLIC OXIDE WATERPROOFING
- FCR FED FCGS 07140-1979 METALLIC OXIDE WATERPROOFING
US-CFR
- CFR FED FCGS 07140-1979 METALLIC OXIDE WATERPROOFING
AT-ON
- OENORM EN ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2021)
Lithuanian Standards Office
- LST EN ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2021)
- LST EN ISO 1463:2004 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2003)
- LST EN ISO 9717:2013 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coating of metals (ISO 9717:2010)
CH-SNV
- SN EN ISO 1463:2021 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:2021)
- SN 197 461-1990 Testing of Textiles: Simple tensile test for simple and ply yarns in conditioned State
- SNV 24626-1938 Anodizing of aluminum and aluminum alloys. layer thickness
BE-NBN
- NBN-EN ISO 1463:1995 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - Microscopical method (ISO 1463:1982)
HU-MSZT
- MSZ 18092/1-1971 Wear resistance Aluminum and its alloy content of working surface coating on non-metallic inorganic anodized layer
- MSZ 6579/6-1987 Wear resistance Aluminum and its alloy content of working surface coating on non-metallic inorganic anodized layer
Standard Association of Australia (SAA)
- AS CK3:1947 Code of recommended practice for oxide coating of ferrous metals in hot caustic solutions
- AS 1231:2000(R2017) Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Anodic oxidation coatings
- AS 1231:2000 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Anodic oxidation coatings
- ISO 9717:2024 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Phosphate conversion coating of metals
(U.S.) Ford Automotive Standards
- FORD E-MR004-4009-1984 METAL MOULD WASH-HYDRATED LIME
IPC - Association Connecting Electronics Industries
- IPC TM-650 2.4.28A-1982 Adhesion@ Solder Mask (Non-Melting Metals)
- IPC TM-650 2.4.28B-1997 Adhesion@ Solder Mask (Non-Melting Metals)
Defense Logistics Agency
- DLA SMD-5962-96665 REV D-2005 MICROCIRCUIT, DIGITAL, RADIATION HARDENED, CMOS, HEX VOLTAGE LEVEL SHIFTER FOR TTL-TO-CMOS OR CMOS-TO- CMOS OPERATION, MONOLITHIC SILICON
RU-GOST R
- GOST 26318.6-1984 Non-metallic ore materials. Methods for determination of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide mass fractions
- GOST 26318.7-1984 Non-metallic ore materials. Method for determination of potassium oxide and sodium oxide mass fractions
NO-SN
- NS 1181-1979 Metal and oxide coating - Measurement of thickness by microscopical examination of cross-sections
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