New Technologies and Methods
New Technologies and Methods, Total:240 items.
The international standard classification for "New Technologies and Methods" includes: Company organization and management in general , Domestic electrical appliances in general , Road transport , Character sets and information coding , Information sciences , Deck equipment and installations , Refrigerating technology , Veterinary medicine , Birth control. Mechanical contraceptives , Law. Administration , IT applications in information, documentation and publishing , Refractories , Cereals, pulses and derived products .
The Chinese standard classification for "New Technologies and Methods" includes: Standardization and Quality Management , Household cleaning and cosmetic appliances , Passenger traffic , Data encryption , Library, Archives, Literature and Information , Compartment auxiliary machine , Refrigeration equipment , Rigging equipment outfit in general , Animal quarantine, veterinary and epidemic prevention , Other special devices , Comprehensive Technology , Marking, packaging, transport and storage in general , Software engineering , Terms and Symbols , Power plant and electric power system operating maintenance , Cereal crop and forage crop in general , Environmental Quality Standard for atmosphere, water and soil .
Guangdong Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB44/T 381-2006 Technical specifications for Metapenaeus culture culture techniques
- DB44/T 379-2006 Technical specifications for Metapenaeus culture propagation and fry and fingerling rearing techniques
工业和信息化部
- YD/T 3760-2020 Big data - technical specification and test methods on data management platform
- YD/T 3741-2020 The requirements of information security evaluation of big data technology applications and services service
- YD/T 4045-2022 Big data technical requirements and test methods for message-oriented middleware
- YD/T 3772-2020 Technical specification and test methods on big data time series database
- QC/T 1115-2019 Performance requirements and testing methods for automatic transmission(AT)
- HG/T 5458-2018 Female condoms-Requirements and test methods
Group Standards of the People's Republic of China
- T/CAAMTB 77-2022 Technical requirements and methods for desensitization of video and images transmitted by automobiles
- T/CAMS 82-2021 General technical requirements and assessment of intelligent manufacturingequipment
- T/ZBTA 10-2021 Guidelines for the creation and implementation of demonstration projects for the application of new technologies in the construction industry
- T/CCSA 470-2023 Big data technical specifications and test methods on graphic computing platform
- T/CAQI 86-2019 Technical requirements and test method of air freshness for household and similar fresh-air air cleaner
- T/SJD 001-2023 Methodology and Technology for Testing of Jadeite(FeiCui) Origin
- T/GXJNJP 002-2022 Guangxi Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction Technology Innovation Award Selection Method
- T/CAN 001-2021 General technical specification and evaluation method of green printing in newspaper industry
- T/CAS 666-2022 Technical requirements and test methods for fresh steaming of electric steaming oven for household and similar purposes
- T/GXCUA 003-2023 Information technology application innovation—Adaptation technical requirements for servers and operating systems
- T/CEA 0012-2020 Technical requirements and test method for elevator operation panel and button
- T/HTDFTZH 002-2022 Selection Method for Hainan Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction Technology Innovation Award
- T/XJZJXH NS10003.7-2023 "Xinjiang Quality” Featured product technical specification for punus domestica
- T/CSER 004-2024 Technical Specification of Pollution Control for Producing New Fuel By Using Oilfield Tank Bottom Mud and Scum
- T/SZEIA 005-2023 Electronic product refurbishment organization technical specification
- T/YNRZ 010-2024 Leafy Vegetable New Bio-fertilizer Preparation Method and Application Technical Regulations
- T/BJZMXH 701-2023 Technical specification for maintenance and rejuvenation of flower border plants
- T/SHZSAQS 00182-2023 Technical regulations for integrated control of black nightshade and field bindweed in cotton fields in Xinjiang
- T/CPQS E00051-2023 Technical requirements and evaluation methods for intelligent preservation of refrigerators
- T/GXBD 003-2024 Information Technology Application Innovation Application Software Adaptation Testing Method
- T/WAPIA 002-2010 Technical Requirements and Testing Methods forWireless LAN Access Points
- T/CAMIR 002-2022 Requirements for construction,management and service of enterprise technology innovation system
- T/CCAIA 1-2017 Function and technical requirements of intelligent fresh air energy-saving device
- T/CPARK 39-2023 Technical requirements and detection methods for new Chinese-style crane trolley tracks
- T/CITIF 001-2020 Applications of statistical and related methods to new technology and product development process—Robust parameter design(RPD)
- T/GZJNJP 02-2022 Guizhou Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction Technology Innovation Award Selection Method
- T/CCSA 471-2023 Big data — Technical requirements and test methods for document database
- T/WAPIA 004-2010 Technical Requirements and Testing Methods for Wireless LAN Stations
- T/CAIACN 008-2022 High-Resolution Wireless Audio;Technical Requirements, Terminal Specification and Test Methods
- T/LLHT 022-2021 Introduction of New Varieties of Walnut Cultivation and Management Techniques
- T/CSEE 0311-2022 Electric Power Technology Check Technical Specifications
- T/ZHTEA 001-2023 Evaluation of innovation ability of high-tech enterprises
- T/BIA 16.1-2023 Evaluation specification for information technology application innovation products Part 1: assessment methods
- T/YJC 011-2023 Enterprise Technology Innovation Management Measures
- T/DQDA 0003-2024 Griteria for the theory and practical application of innovative methods
- T/CIET 518-2024 Electrolytic copper foil quality inspection technology and evaluation method
- T/C3D 001-2023 Technical requirements and test evaluation methods of medical displays
- T/UWA 016-2022 Technical Requirements and Test Methods of XR Virtual Reality Fusion Production System
- T/CAQI 300-2022 Technical requirements and test methods for health protection functions of campus fresh air purification equipment
- T/CAQI 180-2021 Technical requirements and test methods of fresh-air air cleaner ventilator with disinfection function
Anhui Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB34/T 3115-2018 Steel Die Forged Automotive Steering Knuckle Technical Conditions and Testing Methods
- DB34/T 3362-2019 New type fertilizer and fertilization technical regulations for machine sowing rapeseed
- DB34/T 3361-2019 New type fertilizers and reduced fertilization technical regulations for clone tea gardens
- DB34/T 2737-2016 Technical regulations for simultaneous sowing and fertilization of corn new fertilizers and seed fertilizers
- DB34/T 3358-2019 Technical specifications and testing methods for shot blasting of automobile forgings
- DB34/T 2738-2016 New type of fertilizer for machine-transplanted rice and technical regulations for fertilization
- DB34/T 173-1999 Microbiological sampling methods and inspection technical specifications in public places
国家能源局
- NB/T 51071-2017 Technical method of paste filling body monitoring in mines
- NB/T 10359-2019 Coal and gas outburst alarm technology and method
交通运输部
- JT/T 1222-2018 Technical specifications for maintenance and replacement of straddle monorail catenary
- JT/T 1221-2018 Technical specifications for maintenance and replacement of straddle monorail guide way bridge
- JT/T 1220-2018 Technical specifications for maintainance and replacement of straddle monorail turnout equipment
- JT/T 1219-2018 Technical specifications for maintainance and replacement of straddle monorail vehicle
Hebei Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB13/T 2609-2017 Double RT-PCR Detection Method of Avian Influenza Virus and Newcastle Disease Virus
- DB13/T 1825-2013 Technical specification for ground radiant heating, cooling and fresh air system
- DB1331/T 056-2023 Technical specifications for green demolition and comprehensive utilization of construction waste in Xiongan New Area
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
- GB/T 13471-2008 Methods for calculating and evaluating the economic value of electricity saving measures
- GB/T 28947-2012 Ships and marine technology—Marine evacuation systems—Means of communication
- GB/T 29766-2013 Information security technology—Technical requirements and testing and evaluating approaches of website data recovery products
- GB/T 13471-2008 Methods for calculating and evaluating the economic value of electricity saving measures
- GB/T 42687-2023 Ships and marine technology—Marine cranes—Noise limits and measuring method
- GB/T 16550-2008 Diagnostic techniques for newcastle disease
- GB/T 32003-2015 Specification of scientific and technical novelty search
- GB/T 3839-1983 Technological principle and methods for enactment of local water pollutant emission standard
- GB/T13471-2008 Methods for calculating and evaluating the economic value of electricity saving measures
- GB/T 29765-2013 Information security technology—Technical requirements and testing and evaluating method for data backup and recovery products
- GB/T 42347-2023 General technical requirement and test method for mechanical pre-cooling equipment
Professional Standard - Traffic
- JT/T XXXX-2018 Technical Specifications for Maintenance and Renewal of Straddle Monorail Track Girder Bridge
国家食品药品监督管理局
- YY/T 1567-2017 Female condoms-Requirements and test methods
Professional Standard - Public Safety Standards
- GA/T 47-1993 Technical requirements and test methods of traffic signal
国家市场监督管理总局、中国国家标准化管理委员会
- GB/T 39661-2020 Swap bodies for road transport—Technical requirements and test methods
- GB/T 10112-2019 Terminology work—Principles and methods
- GB/T 16550-2020 Diagnostic techniques for newcastle disease
- GB 11236-2021 Copper-bearing contraceptive intrauterine devices—Requirements and tests
- GB/T 29765-2021 Information security technology—Technical requirements and testing and evaluating approaches of website data recovery products
- GB/T 37668-2019 Information technology—Internet content accessibility technical requirements and conformance testing
- GB/T 29766-2021 Information security technology—Technical requirements and testing and evaluating approaches of website data recovery products
- GB/T 39216-2020 Method and technical specification for improvement of administrative licensing process
Inner Mongolia Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB15/T 3133-2023 Technical regulations for establishment and production of alfalfa and new wheatgrass mixed grassland
Xinjiang Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB65/T 3275-2011 Cutting technical specifications of local native characteristic beef of xinjaing
- DB65/T 602.1-2001 The colect and prepare of soil sample
- DB65/T 2605-2006 Cultivation Techniques of Galega orienttalis Lam.Xinyin No.1
- DB65/T 4585-2022 Technical regulations for seedling renewal of wild fruit forests in Xinjiang
Chongqing Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB50/T 974-2020 Technical Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Epidemic in Beauty Salons and Bathing Places
- DB50/T 1419-2023 Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Automobile Digital Key System
- DB50/T 975-2020 Technical guidelines for the prevention and control of the new crown pneumonia epidemic in entertainment and cultural venues
Professional Standard - Electricity
- DL/T 902-2004 Technical requirements and test methods of abrasion resistant refractory material
Professional Standard - Ocean
- HY/T 0330-2022 Acceptance technical methods for beach maintenance and restoration projects
Professional Standard - Railway
- TB/T 2369-1993 Railway vehicle impact test method and technical conditions
Shanxi Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB14/T 916-2014 Investigation method and control technology of wireworm in wheat field
Professional Standard - Post and Telecommunication
- YD/T 2318-2011 Technical Requirements and Test Methods of the Integrated Air Conditioner with Fresh Air Cooling for BTS
- YD/T 4481-2023 Technical Requirements and Test Methods about Antiseptic wooden pole forTelecommunications
Jiangsu Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB32/T 2770-2015 General technical requirements and test methods for activated carbon fibers
中华人民共和国环境保护部
- GB 3839-1983 Technologkal principle and methods for enactment of local water pollutant emission standard
邯郸市
- DB1304/T 343-2020 Technical regulations for intercropping of new low-phenol cotton variety Han 6305 and winter wheat
Qinghai Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB63/T 2047-2022 Remote sensing monitoring technology and evaluation method of alpine grassland degradation
Professional Standard - Earthquake
- DB/T 21-2007 Technical requirements of instruments in network for earthquake monitoring.The description of common technical parmneter and test method
Hunan Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB43/T 2952-2024 Technical Specifications for Lightning Protection in New Rural Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism Sites
Shandong Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB37/T 3099-2018 Technical specification for tire retreading
- DB37/T 1891-2011 Technical regulations for new mulberry fields
Professional Standard - Grain
- LS/T 3705-2010 Technical requirements and test method for quick moisture content tester of waterlogged suspend
Professional Standard - Environmental Protection
- HJ/T 14-1996 Principle and technical methods for regionalizing ambient air quality function
Jilin Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China
- DB22/T 822-2018 Afforestation Renewal Technical Regulations
US-FCR
- FCR FED MCD-64-1980 INNOVATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY A NEW APPROACH TO AN OLD PROBLEM
SCC
- AENOR UNE 166008:2012 R&D&i management: Technology transfer.
- AWWA ACE68791 Creative Approaches to Customer Communications
- AWWA ACE68880 Solids Contact -- Clarification an Innovative Approach to a Seasoned Technology
- AWWA WQTC69245 Solids Contact — Clarification: An Innovative Approach to a Seasoned Technology
- AENOR UNE 166000:2006 R&D&I Management: Terminology and definitions of R&D&I activities.
- AWWA ACE69071 Emerging Technologies in Water Main Renewal Provide Low Impact Solutions
- AWWA SOURCES59164 Membrane Technology: A New Approach for Wichita Falls, Texas
- AWWA ACE56226 Innovation and Risk Allocation: Seattle's Approach to DBO Contracting
- VDI/VDE 3681-2005 Classification and evaluation of descriptive tools from automation technology
- AWWA ACE65320 The Winnipeg WTP — Emerging Technologies, Innovative Design, New WTP
- AWWA ACE68910 Comparison of an Innovative Approach for Concentrate Minimization with Traditional Approaches for Zero Liquid Discharge
- CAN/CSA-Z780-1992 Principles and methods of terminology
- AWWA ACE63249 Innovative Approaches to Water Purification with UV Advanced Oxidation
- AWWA IMTECH54089 Utility Business Challenges Require Innovative Approach to Information Technology — Workshop
- AWWA WQTC60645 Verifying the Reliability of EPA Method 314 to Measure Perchlorate at Sub ppb Levels vs New EPA Method Options
- AWWA ACE69111 New Developments in Water Conservation Technology
CN-STDBOOK
- 图书 3-9901 Standardization Technology and Method
Danish Standards Foundation
- DS/CWA 16649:2013 Managing emerging technology-related risks
Association Francaise de Normalisation
- CWA 16649:2013 Managing emerging technology-related risks
- NF E04-501-2:1996 Technical product documentation. Vocabulary. Part 2 : terms relating to projection methods.
Indonesia Standards
- SNI 06-0081-1987 Technical grade sodium hypochlorite, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-0046-1987 Argon, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-0042-1987 Nitrogen, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-0041-1987 Hydrogen, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-0386-1989 Candles, Specification and test method
- SNI 01-3735-1995 Specification and test method of gelatin
- SNI 06-0083-1987 Technical grade diazinon, Specification and test method
- SNI 12-0064-1987 Manila and sisal ropes, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-3268-1994 Solid and liquid paraffin wax, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-3782-1995 Oil of fennel (gandapura), Specification and test method
- SNI 06-3953-1995 Oil of citronella, Specification and test methods
- SNI 03-3631-1994 Scaffolding, Specification and test method of statis pressure
- SNI 07-0107-1987 Prickly wires, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-1763-1990 Oil of "lawang", Specification and test methods
- SNI 06-0082-1987 Liquid chlorine, Specification and test method
- SNI 07-0322-1989 Hot rolled strip steel, Specification and test method
- SNI 03-0093-1987 Lock-plate, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-0462-1989 Leather board, Specification and test method
- SNI 07-0313-1989 Grey cast iron, Specification and test method
- SNI 01-2559-1992 Brem cake, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-0464-1989 Heat resistance sole leather, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-0061-1987 Calcium citrate, Specification and test method
- SNI 07-0420-1989 Carbon steel ingot, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-3949-1995 Oil of cananga, Specification and test method
- SNI 05-0384-1989 Hand chisels, Specification and test methods
- SNI 03-0321-1989 Asbestos cement pipes, Specification and test methods
- SNI 07-0375-1989 High carbon steel wire rod, Specification and test method
- SNI 13-4112-1996 Specification and test method of kaolin for paint
- SNI 05-0382-1989 Multipurpose pliers shape, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-0320-1989 Compressed air, Specification and test method
- SNI 15-0233-1989 Cement fibre sheet, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-2571-1992 Technical grade toluene, Specification and test method
- SNI 13-4115-1996 Specification and analysis of tin ores concentrate for tin melting
- SNI 16-3598-1994 Dental base plate wax, Spesification and test methods
- SNI 09-4015-1996 Specification and test method of webbing for safety belt of motor vehicles
- SNI 07-0376-1989 High carbon steel wire, Specification and test method
- SNI 15-0236-1989 Chammote refractory bricks, Specification and test method
- SNI 01-3550-1994 Drink of kamferia galanga root and rice, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-0486-1989 Cow leather for jacket, Specification and test method
- SNI 12-0367-1989 Wooden badminton rackets, Specification and Test methods
- SNI 07-0070-1987 Hot rerolled equilateral rectangles steel with round edge, Specification and test method
- SNI 03-0348-1989 Solid concrete bricks, Specification and test method
- SNI 11-4013-1996 Specification and test method for termite welding fittings of railway rails
- SNI 07-0049-1987 Welding electrode covered by low carbon steel, Specification and test method
- SNI 07-0066-1987 Zinc coated steel sheet with coloured paint layer, Specification and test method
- SNI 15-0447-1989 Clay for refractory bricks chamote type, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-3536-1994 Sheep/goat crust leather, Specification and test method
- SNI 03-0418-1989 Door locks for simple housing, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-2561-1992 Technical grade natrium magnesium salt, Specification and test method
- SNI 07-0067-1987 Carbon steel pipes for machines structure, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-2569-1992 Technical grade formalin, Specification and test method
- SNI 03-2097-1991 Lime for building material, Specification and test method
- SNI 15-0350-1989 Fine refractory clay as refractory cement for refractory bricks, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-0335-1989 Cow leather for bags/trunks, Specification and test method
- SNI 15-1761-1990 Quicklime for iron and steel industry, Specification and test method
- SNI 04-0448-1989 Glass bulb for incandescent lamps, Specification and test method
- SNI 06-3537-1994 Sheep/goat pickled leather, Specification and test method
- SNI 04-0352-1989 Ceramic insulators, straining pin type, Specification and test method
- SNI 04-0577-1989 Low voltage ceramic insulators, pole covered type (bell shape), Specification and test method
- SNI 04-0529-1989 Low voltage ceramic insulators, roll type (R), Specification and test method
- SNI 04-0530-1989 Low voltage ceramic insulators, pole covered type (T shape), Specification and test method
Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC)
- JIS Z 9061:2016 Applications of statistical and related methods to new technology and product development process -- Robust parameter design (RPD)
ASHRAE - American Society of Heating@ Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers@ Inc.
- ASHRAE CH-99-18-1999 Symposium on Fault Detection and Diagnostic (FDD) Methods and Evaluation Techniques
AGMA - American Gear Manufacturers Association
- P84FTM8-1984 New Gear Shaper Technology
- P129.29-1982 New Techniques in Hob Sharpening
- 08FTM16-2008 Hob Tool Life Technology Update
- 141.01-1984 Information Sheet Plastics Gearing - Molded@ Machined@ and Other Methods a Report on the State of the Art
FI-SFS
- SFS 4012-1979 Tolerances related to work methods. Hole punching technology
RU-GOST R
- GOST R 50991-1996 Automatic play machines. Technical requiments and the methods of tests
- GOST R 51246-1999 Pneumatic hammer drills. Technical requirements and testing methods
- GOST 28950-1991 Drawing instruments. General technical requirements and test methods
- GOST R 52390-2005 Road vehicles. Disc wheels. Technical requirements and tests methods
- GOST 26029-1983 Fresh non-deluted sperm of rams. Technical requirements and test methods
- GOST R 57272.2-2016 Risk management of new technologies using. Part 2. Application to new technologies
- GOST R 54147-2010 Strategic and innovation management. Terms and definitions
- GOST R 52348-2005 Shooting-galleris. Armoured protection and technical resistance to burglary. Acceptance rules and methods of testing
- GOST 26917-2000 Underground loading machines. General technical requirements and test methods
- GOST R 53830-2010 Vehicles. Hubs and the half-wheels. Technical requirements and test methods
- GOST 19116-2005 Fancy shoes. General specifications
- GOST 22782.0-1981 Explosionproof electrical apparatus. General requirements and methods of testing
- GOST R ISO/IEC 24703-2011 Information technology. Participant identifiers
- GOST 26699-1998 Underground drilling rids. General specifications and test methods
- GOST R 52847-2007 Vehicles. Brake gears. Technical requirements and machine testing methods
- GOST 19116-1984 Fancy shoes. Specifications
- GOST R 53611-2009 Global navigation satellite systems. Methods and technologies of execution geodetic and cadastral works. General technical requirements
- GOST R 53925-2010 Pliers and nippers. General technical requirements, methods of control, tests
- GOST R 52878-2007 Tutors on upper and lower-limbs. Technical requirements and test methods
CZ-CSN
- CSN 12 6001-1994 Drying technics.Drying methods and dryers.Terms and definitions
- CSN 03 8551-1984 Corrosion protection. Aluminium and zinc coatings. Marking, technical require-ments and testing methods
Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (KATS)
- KS Q ISO 16355-1:2018 Application of statistical and related methods to new technology and product development process — Part 1: General principles and perspectives of Quality Function Deployment(QFD
- KS X 2023-2001(2017) Information technology-Test methods for measuring conformance to POSIX
- KS V ISO 27991:2011 Marine evacuation systems-Means of communication
- KS X ISO/IEC 24703:2009 Information technology-Participant identifiers
- KS X ISO/IEC 24703:2015 Information technology — Participant identifiers
- KS X ISO 704-2020 Terminology work-Principles and methods
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
- ASCE GSP 226-2012 Geotechnical Engineering State of the Art and Practice Keynote Lectures from GeoCongress 2012
GOST
- GOST R 113.00.24-2023 The best available techniques. Methodological recommendations for updating and amending in the information and technical handbook on the best available technologies
KR-KS
- KS Q ISO 16355-1-2018 Application of statistical and related methods to new technology and product development process — Part 1: General principles and perspectives of Quality Function Deployment(QFD
American Concrete Institute
- ACI SP-141-1993 New Concrete Technology
IX-EU/EC
- 2005/383/EC-2005 COMMISSION DECISION on the renewal of the mandate of the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies
- NO 294/2008-2008 REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL establishing the European Institute of Innovation and Technology
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
- ISO/IEC 13210:1994 Information technology — Test methods for measuring conformance to POSIX
- ISO 15540:1999/cor 1:1999 Ships and marine technology - Fire resistance of hose assemblies - Test methods; Technical Corrigendum 1
- ISO/PRF 24569 Ships and marine technology — External firefighting system test methods
- ISO/IEC 24703:2004 Information technology - Participant identifiers
- ISO 56005:2020【技术委员会专享链接】 Innovation management — Tools and methods for intellectual property management — Guidance
YU-JUS
- JUS Z.E0.002-1984 Micrographics: Terms and definitions. Image positions and methods of recording.
British Standards Institution (BSI)
- BS ISO 704:2022 Terminology work. Principles and methods
Method Validation and Method Validation,Test Methods and Instruments,Method Validation and Validation,Method Validation and Validation,Method Validation and Method Validation,Method and Validation,-2 Materials and methods,Materials and Methods 6,Astronomical Techniques and Methods,new method,new technology method,Instruments and methods,New Technologies and Methods,principles and methods,2. Materials and methods 2.1 Materials and methods,way and method,Main products and high-tech products,Principles and methods,method and effect