automated system

automated system, Total:256 items.

The international standard classification for "automated system" includes: Substations. Surge arresters , Power stations in general , IT applications in other fields , Electrical equipment of ships and of marine structures , Industrial automation systems , Numerically controlled machines , Industrial process measurement and control , IT applications in industry , Industrial automation systems in general , Power transmission and distribution networks in general , Industrial robots. Manipulators , Air transport , Electric traction equipment , Petroleum products and natural gas handling equipment , Laboratory medicine .

The Chinese standard classification for "automated system" includes: Power station equipment automation devices , Electric power system , Power plant and electric power system operating maintenance , Computer application , Code, character set and character recognition , Technical management , Electric control devices and measurement equipment for vessel , Other automation devices , Computer application , Industrial automation and control device in general , Heat treatment equipment , Machine tool in general , Industrial control and computer application equipment , Basic standards and general methods , Air traffic control , Traction substation , Hydrology and water conservancy instrument , Petroleum exploration, development, gathering and transportation engineering in general , Medical laboratory equipment .

Professional Standard - Energy and Power Planning

DL/T 261-2012 Reliability assessment techniques guidance of thermodynamic automatic system for fossil fuel power plants
DL/T 2597-2023 Technical specification for electric energy meter automatic verification system
DL/T 774-2004 Overhaul ＆ operate of thermodynamic automatic system in fossil fuel power plant
DL/T 789-2001 Implementation & acknowledgement of auto-dispatching system rooted in country power network
DL/T 814-2002 Function specification of distribution automation systems
DL/T 516-2006 Code for operation and administration of power dispatching automation system
DL/T 1101-2009 Acceptance specification for 35kV～110kV substation automation system
DL/T 775-2001 Commissioning Code for I&C System of Ash and Slag in Fossil Fuel Power Plant
DL/T 5781-2018 Acceptance test specification for distribution automation system
DL 516-1993 Code for Operation and Administration of Power Dispatching Automation System
DL/T 5272-2012 Acceptance Code and Practical Requirement of Automation System for Dam Safety Monitoring
DL/T 814-2013 Technical Specification of Distribution Automation System
DL/T 721-2000 Remote terminal unit of distribution automation system
DL/T 5587-2021 Code for design of distribution automation system
DL/T 324-2010 Communication protocol for dam safety monitoring automation system
DL/T 1666-2016 Specification for hydropower dispatching automation system of hydropower station

Hubei Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China

DB42/T 1339-2018 Tujia brocade automation system technical requirements

Professional Standard - Electron

SJ 20681-1998 General specification for software modules of SAM command automation system
SJ 20568-1996 General specification for supervisory subsystem of command automated system
SJ 20838-2002 General requirements for BITE of equipment in command automation system
SJ 20567-1996 Requirements for application software interface of command automation system
SJ/T 10352-1993 Development and design guide for office automation system
SJ 20936-2005 Command phrase and code for automated command system of airborn force
SJ 20751-1999 General specifications for the theater command automation systems
SJ 20570-1996 General specification for display subsystem of command automation system
SJ 20934-2005 General requirement for automated command system of the airborn force
SJ 20935-2005 Acceptance specification for automated command system of airborn force

General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China

GB/Z 16656.1005-2010 Industrial automation systems and integration—Product data representation and exchange—Part 1005:Application module:Elemental topology
GB/T 17645.26-2000 Industrial automation systems and integration--Parts library--Part 26:Information supplier identification
GB/T 36413.1-2018 Automation system—Embedded smart controller—Part 1:General requirements
GB/Z 16656.1008-2010 Industrial automation systems and integration—Product data representation and exchange—Part 1008:Application module:Layer assignment
GB/T 45023-2024 Automation systems and integration—Measuring methods for CAN bus controller
GB/T 32854.4-2020 Automation systems and integration—Integration of advanced process control and optimization software for manufacturing systems—Part 4:Information exchange and usage
GB/T 44063-2024 Automation systems and integration—Integration model of discrete manufacturing enterprise data space
GB/T 13730-2002 Dispatching automation systems for distric power networks
GB/T 18755.2-2003 Industrial automation systems and integration—Manufacturing Automation Programming Environment(MAPLE)—Part 2:Services and interfaces
GB/T 16720.3-1996 Industrial automation systems - Manufacturing message specification - Part 3: Companion standard for robotics
GB/T 42026-2022 Automation systems and integration―Key performance indicators for manufacturing supply chain
GB/T 20719.11-2010 Industrial automation systems and integration - Process specification language -Part 11: PSL core
GB/T 38852.1-2020 Industrial-process measurement, control and automation—Evaluation of system properties for the purpose of system assessment—Part 1:Terminology and basic concepts
GB/T 8129-1997 Industrial automation systems-Numerical control of machines-Vocabulary
GB/T 8129-2015 Industrial automation systems―Numerical control of machines―Vocabulary
GB/T 44062-2024 Automation systems and integration—Safety evaluation for automated devices
GB/T 41723-2022 Automation systems and integration—Digital twin architecture of complex product
GB/T 22270.1-2008 Industrial automation systems and integration - Service interface for testing applications - Part 1: Overview
GB/T 38844-2020 Smart factory- - General specification for time synchronization, time management and test in industry automation system
GB/T 18757-2002 Industrial automation systems--Requirements for enterprise-reference architectures and methodology
GB/T 20719.13-2010 Industrial automation systems and integration—Process specification language—Part 13:Duration and ordering theories
GB/T 26220-2010 Industrial automation systems and integration—Numerical control of machines—General requirements for numerical control systems
GB/Z 16656.1002-2010 Industrial automation systems and integration—Product data representation and exchange—Part 1002:Application module:Colour
GB/T 11292-2008 Industrial automation systems - Numerical control of machines - NC processor output - Post processor commands
GB/T 32854.2-2017 Automation systems and integration―Integration of advanced process control and optimization software for manufacturing systems―Part 2: Framework and functions
GB/T 16656.47-2001 Industrial automation systems and integration--Product data representation and exchange--Part 47:Integrated generic resources:Shape variation tolerances
GB/T 15511-1995 General requirements for electrical automatic control systems of sea-going ships
GB/T 19660-2005 Industrial automation systems and integration - Numerical control of machines - Coordinate system and motion nomenclature
GB/T 20719.41-2010 Industrial automation system and integration—Process specification language—Part 41:Definitional extension:Activity extensions
GB/T 32854.3-2020 Automation systems and integration—Integration of advanced process control and optimization software for manufacturing systems—Part 3:Activity models and workflows
GB/T 18755.1-2002 Industrial automation systems--Manufacturing automation programming environment (MAPLE)--Functional architecture
GB/T 16721-1996 Industrial automation systems--Specification of subsets of the protocol for the manufacturing message specification
GB/T 16979.1-1997 Industrial automation systems - Manufacturing message specification - Part 1: Service definition - AMENDMENT 1: Data exchange
GB/T 38002.1-2019 Automation system and integration—Serial real time communication system for manufacturing integration—Part 1:General overview and architecture
GB/T 19114.42-2008 Industrial automation systems and integration - Industrial manufacturing management data - Part 42: Time model
GB/T 16979.2-1997 Industrial automation systems - Manufacturing message specification - Part 2: Protocol specification AMENDMEN 1: Data exchange
GB/T 19114.1-2003 Industrial automation systems and integration—Industrial manufacturing management data—Part 1:General overview
GB/T 18999-2003 Industrial automation systems - Concepts and rules for enterprise models
GB/T 16720.2-2005 Industrial automation systems—Manufacturing message specification—Part 2:Protocol specification
GB/T 25485-2010 Industrial automation systems and integration - Functional architecture of manufacturing execution system
GB/T 17645.1-2008 Industrial automation systems and integration - Parts library - Part 1: Overview and fundamental principles
GB/T 22270.4-2015 Industrial automation systems and integration―Service interface for testing applications―Part 4:Device capability profile template
GB/Z 19398-2003 Industrial automation systems and integration—Operating conditions for discrete part manufacturing-equipment in industrial environments
GB/Z 16656.1006-2004 Industrial automation systems and integration―Product data representtion and exchange―Part 1006:Application module:Foundation representation
GB/T 43209-2023 Automation systems and integration—Virtual reconstruction technical requirements for smart production lines
GB/T 17645.101-2008 Industrial automation systems and integration - Parts library - Part 101: Geometrical view exchange protocol by parametric program
GB/T 16720.4-1998 Industrial automation systems—Manufacturing Message Specification—Part 4:Companion STANDARD for numerical control
GB/T 38846-2020 Smart factroy—Industrial automation systems engineering role class libraries
GB/T 43335-2023 Automation systems and integration—Reference architecture for technology resources sharing service system
GB/T 19659.1-2005 Industrial automation systems and integration—Open systems applicatoin integration framework—Part 1:Generic reference description
GB 16655-1996 Industrial automation systems--Safety of integrated manufacturing systems--Basic requirements
GB/T 39470-2020 Automation systems and integration—Object-process methodology
GB/T 32828-2016 Safety specification for storage and logistic automation system function
GB/T 20719.12-2010 Industrial automation systems and integration—Process specification language—Part 12:Outer core
GB/T 41573-2022 Automation systems and integration—General requirements of science and technology resource cloud platform integration
GB/T 20719.1-2006 Industrial automation system and integration - Process specification language - Part 1: Overview and basic principles
GB/T 18757-2008 Industrial automation systems - Requirements for enterprise-reference architectures and methodology
GB/T 12177-2008 Industrial automation systems - Numerical control of machines - NC processor output - File structure and language format
GB/T 43436-2023 Smart factory—Automation system for flexible manufacturing—General requirement
GB/T 18756.2-2002 Industrial automation systems--MMS general application base profile--Part 2:Common MMS requirements
GB/T 19902.1-2005 Industrial automation systems and integration - Manufacturing software capability for interoperability - Part 1: Framework
GB/T 17645.1-2001 Industrial automation systems and integration--Parts library--Part 1:Overview and fundamental principles
GB/T 19662-2005 Industrial automation systems-Manufacturing Message Specification-Terminology
GB/T 19114.31-2008 Industrial automation systems and integration - Industrial manufacturing management data - Part 31: Resource information model
GB/T 20719.14-2010 Industrial automation systems and integration - Process specification language - Part 14: Resource theories

Anhui Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China

DB34/T 2205-2014 Specifications for quality assessment and acceptance of automation systems for large and medium sluice projects
DB34/T 2204-2014 Inspection specification for automation system of large and medium sluice projects

Military Standard of the People's Republic of China-General Armament Department

GJB 6291-2008 Interface requirements for missile army command automated system and dedicated system
GJB 877A-1997 Command automation system information exchange code

Professional Standard-Ships

CB/T 4302-2014 Technical requirements for repairing and testing of ship marine power plant automatic control system

Professional Standard - Civil Aviation

MH/T 4029.2-2012 Civil Aviation Air Traffic Control Automation System Part 2: Technical Requirements
MH/T 4057-2024 Technical requirements and configuration specifications for tower control automation system
MH/T 4033-2011 Technical requirement of civil aviation flight inspection. ATC automation system
MH/T 4029.3-2020 Civil aviation air traffic control automation system－ Part 3 : Flight data exchange
MH/T 4042-2014 Technical requirements for advanced surface movement guidance and control automation systems
MH/T 4029.2-2024 Civil aviation air traffic control automation system-Part 2: Technical requirement
MH/T 4029.1-2010 Civil Aviation Air Traffic Control Automation System Part 1: Configuration

Professional Standard - Railway

TB/T 3517-2018 Integrated automation system and devices of railway power distribution substation

Professional Standard - Machinery

JB/T 13500-2018 Hot rolling seamless steel pipe. Automation system. General design specifications
JB/T 20199-2021 Automatic decocting system of traditional Chinese medicine

Professional Standard - Water Conservancy

SL 108-2006 The methods of model and nomenclature for hydrologic instruments and automatic system of water resources and hydrology

Tianjin Provincial Standard of the People's Republic of China

DB12/T 1169-2022 Technical requirements for construction, operation and maintenance of urban drainage pumping station automation system

Professional Standard - Petroleum

SY/T 6069-2011 Code of Running Technology for the Instrument and Automatic System of the Oil and Gas Transportation Pipeline
SY/T 6069-2020 Specification of running technology for the instrument and automatic system of the oil and gas pipeline
SY/T 6069-2005 Code of running technology for the instrument and automatic system of the oil and gas transportation pipeline

Professional Standard - Electricity

DL/Z 790.11-2001 Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems - Part 1: General considerations - Section 1: Distribution automation system architecture

未注明发布机构

RTCA/DO-160B-1984/1250 Industrial Automation Systems Security Guide

Professional Standard - Medicine

YY/T 0656-2008 Automated blood culture system

State Grid Corporation of China

Q/GDW 567-2010 Technical specification for distribution automation system acceptance

Group Standards of the People's Republic of China

T/UNP 184-2024 Intelligent cities—Construction of automated alarm response system
T/NJ 1524-2024 Safety design principles for tractor automation systems
T/GDFPMA 14-2022 Qualifications and grade standard of industrial automation system

Professional Standard - Urban Construction

CJJ/T 259-2016 Technical code for automatic system of city gas

Professional Standard - Petrochemical Industry

SH/T 3222-2023 Specification for design of electrical automation system in petrochemical industry
SH/T 3184-2017 Design specification for automation system of tank farm in petrochemical industry

Professional Standard - Energy

DL/T 2738-2024 Guidelines for Technical Supervision of Automation Systems in Hydropower Stations

Association of German Mechanical Engineers

VDI 3653-1995 Automatisierte Kransysteme
VDI/VDE 3698:1995 Concepts of fault-tolerant automation systems
VDI VDE 3694-2014 System requirement/specification for planning and design of automation systems
VDI 3814 Blatt 2-1-2019 Planning of building systems (GA) - Part 2.1: Requirements planning, operator concept and specifications sheet
VDI VDE 3698-1995 Guideline for Fault and Failure Tolerance of Automation Systems
VDI VDE 3542 Blatt 1-2000 Safety terms for automation systems - Qualitative terms and definitions
VDI VDE 3542 Blatt 2-2000 Quantitative Safety Technology Terminology Automation System
VDI/VDE 3542 Blatt 1-1998 Safety terms for automation systems - Qualitative terms and definitions
VDI VDE 3694-2008 System requirement/specification for planning and design of automation systems

Gosstandart of Russia

GOST 34.601-1990 Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Atomated systems. Stages of development
GOST 34.003-1990 Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Automated systems. Terms and definitions
GOST R 59793-2021 Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Stages of development
GOST R 59853-2021 Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Automated systems. Terms and definitions
GOST R 59792-2021 Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Types of automated systems tests
GOST 34.602-1989 Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Technical directions for automated system making
GOST R 59795-2021 Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Automated system. Document content requirements
GOST 34.602-2020 Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Technical assignment for developing of automated system
GOST 34.201-1989 Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Types, sets and indication of documents for automated systems making
GOST 34.201-2020 Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Types, sets and indication of documents for automated systems design
GOST 34.603-1992 Information technology. Types tests automated systems
PNST 173-2016 Automatin systems and integration. Object-pocress metodology

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

IEEE Std C37.1-2007 SCADA and automation systems
IEEE C37.1-2007 Standard for SCADA and Automation Systems
IEEE Unapproved Draft Std PC37.1/D5, Sep 07 IEEE Draft Standard for SCADA and Automation Systems

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

ISO/CD TR 24464:2024 Automation systems and integration
ISO/AWI TR 24464:2023 Automation systems and integration
ISO 16400-3:2024 Automation systems and integration
ISO/FDIS 20140-5:2024 Automation systems and integration
ISO 19450:2023 Automation systems and integration
ISO/DIS 22400-2:2023 Automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1357:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1400:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-439:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1401:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1297:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1164:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-442:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1012:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1760:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1825:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1111:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1274:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/DTS 10303-15:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO 10303-2:2024 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1467:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1304:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1293:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1348:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1251:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1265:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1288:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-4000:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 15926-4:2024 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1628:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1289:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1295:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/DIS 15926-6:2024 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO 10303-1:2024 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1026:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-400:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1306:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1786:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1252:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1276:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1253:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1032:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO 17506:2022/AWI Amd 1:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/DIS 14306-1:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1847:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1804:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1254:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1256:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1292:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-410:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1290:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1063:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1019:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1307:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TS 10303-1397:2023 Industrial automation systems and integration
ISO/TR 23087:2018 Automation systems and integration - The Big Picture of standards
ISO/PAS 19450:2015 Automation systems and integration - Object-Process Methodology

American Water Works Association (AWWA)

AWWA ACE92168 Metering Pumps for Automated Systems

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)

ASHRAE GUIDELINE 13-2015 Specifying Building Automation Systems
ASHRAE GUIDELINE 13 ADD G@ H@ AND I-2013 Specifying Building Automation Systems
ASHRAE GUIDELINE 13-2014 Specifying Building Automation Systems
ASHRAE GUIDELINE 13 ADD G, H, AND I-2013 Specifying Building Automation Systems

Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (KATS)

KS B 7089-2009 Clossary of terms used in factory automation
KS B ISO 13281:2004 Industrial automation systems-Manufacturing Automation Programming Environment(MAPLE)-Functional architecture
KS B ISO 13281:2013 Industrial automation systems－Manufacturing Automation Programming Environment(MAPLE)－Functional architecture

(U.S.) Telecommunications Industries Association

TIA-862-2002 Building Automation Systems Cabling
TIA-862-A-2011 Building Automation Systems Cabling Standard

ISA - International Society of Automation

ISA COLLAB PROC AUTOMTN SYS-2010 Collaborative Process Automation Systems

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEC TR 62837:2013 Energy efficiency through automation systems
IEC 63303:2024 Human machine interfaces for process automation systems

Underwriter Laboratories of Canada (ULC)

CAN/ULC-S1981:2020 SIGNAL RECEIVING CENTRE AUTOMATION SYSTEM
ULC 1981-2020 STANDARD FOR SIGNAL RECEIVING CENTRE AUTOMATION SYSTEM

German Institute for Standardization

DIN EN 62381:2013-04*VDE 0810-81:2013-04 Automation systems in the process industry
DIN EN 13646 E:1999-10 Building Automation System (GA) Equipment Characteristics
DIN SPEC 91329:2016-01 Data architecture specification for industrial automation systems
DIN ISO 2806:1996 Industrial automation systems - Numerical control of machines - Vocabulary
DIN ISO 2806:1996-04 Industrial automation systems - Numerical control of machines - Vocabulary

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

ASME PTC 4.1-1964(R1979) Safety requirements for industrial automation systems

Instrument Society of America (ISA)

ISA 101.01-2015 Human Machine Interfaces for Process Automation Systems

American National Standards Institute （ANSI)

ANSI/TIA-862-A-2011 Building Automation Systems Cabling Standard
ANSI/ISA 101.01-2015 Human Machine Interfaces for Process Automation Systems
ANSI C78.2c-1993 Industrial Automation Systems and Information Exchange Standards

Comitato Elettrotecnico Italiano

CEI EN IEC 63303:2024 Human machine interfaces for process automation systems

British Standards Institution (BSI)

BS EN IEC 63303:2024 Human machine interfaces for process automation systems
BS 5418:1979 Safety requirements for industrial automation systems
BS PD IEC/TR 62837:2013 Energy efficiency through automation systems
BS EN ISO 2806:1997 Industrial automation systems. Numerical control of machines. Vocabulary
PD IEC/TR 62837:2013 Energy efficiency through automation systems
PD ISO/SAE/PAS 22736:2021 Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles
BS PD ISO/TR 23087:2018 Automation systems and integration. The Big Picture of standards
BS PD ISO/PAS 19450:2015 Automation systems and integration. Object-Process Methodology
PD ISO/TR 23087:2018 Automation systems and integration. The Big Picture of standards

Danish Standards Foundation

DANSK DS/EN IEC 63303:2025 Human machine interfaces for process automation systems
DANSK DS/ISO/TR 23087:2018 Automation systems and integration – The Big Picture of standards
DANSK DS/IEC/TR 62837:2013 Energy efficiency through automation systems
DS/IEC/TR 62837:2013 Energy efficiency through automation systems
DANSK DS/ISO 2806:1994 Industrial automation systems - Numerical control of machines - Vocabulary

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)

SAE J3265_202211 Naming Methodology for Driving Automation Systems
SAE J3265-2022 Naming Methodology for Driving Automation Systems

Association Francaise de Normalisation

NF EN IEC 63303:2024 Human machine interfaces for process automation systems

Swedish Institute for Standards

ISO 2806 Industrial automation systems - Numerical control of machines - Vocabulary
SS-ISO 2806:1995 Industrial automation systems - Numerical controlof machines - Vocabulary

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization（CENELEC）

EN IEC 63303:2024 Human machine interfaces for process automation systems

Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

UL 1981 BULLETIN-2022 UL Standard for Safety Central-Station Automation Systems
UL 1981-2019 UL Standard for Safety Central-Station Automation Systems
UL 1981 BULLETIN-2003 UL Standard for Safety Central-Station Automation Systems
UL 1981 BULLETIN-2002 UL Standard for Safety Central-Station Automation Systems

GCC Standardization Organization

GSO ISO 2806:2017 Industrial automation systems -- Numerical control of machines -- Vocabulary

The Directorate General of Specifications and Metrology (DGSM)

OS GSO ISO 2806:2017 Industrial automation systems -- Numerical control of machines -- Vocabulary